madman
Super Moderator
LDL particles damage your artery walls causing small tears. Those tears get repaired by calcium deposits. Unfortunately when those calcium deposits get too large they narrow the artery and cause problems. Monitoring of your calcium is very important. If you have calcium build up, you want as little year to year progress as possible - it's still up for debate on actually lowering your calcium score. Cholesterol tests without particle counts are mostly useless, however looking at your triglyceride to HDL ratio can be the first clue that you need to dive deeper. If Trig:HDL is over 2 you should look at getting an NMR Lipoprofile which will show all your particle counts and sizes. If you have high particle counts then you should get a Calcium Heart Scan which will reveal any CVD progress.
For the most part, the roots start with insulin resistance (Hyperinsulinemia) and metabolic syndrome (pretty much the list of hidden causes in OP).
Everyone over 40 should watch this video.
Inflammation plays a big role and regarding calcium as long as on is getting enough vitamin k2 it should prevent excess from being shuttled in the wrong places (arteries).