We conclude that modulating estrogen in females (pre-menopausal and post-menopausal) and testosterone in males can be used to treat stress-related immune imbalance resulting in autoimmune diseases in both sexes. Testosterone and estrogen have obvious effects on the expansion of regulatory T cells. Stress reducing measures should be adopted in females as well as in males to decrease the expression of autoimmunity events. Stress reduces testosterone and estrogen levels leading to a decreased expansion of regulatory T cells, which are effective for controlling the expression of autoreactive T cells and B cells.
