hypogonadism; opioids; testosterone; ed; screening

FIGURE 1 Direct and indirect mechanisms by which opioids cause hypogonadism. +, stimulation; -, inhibition; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; PRL, prolactin; T, testosterone. Abstract Background Opioid analgesics are...

ABSTRACT Objective Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have reduced life expectancy and inferior outcomes when treated for depression, diabetes, and fractures. Their elevated risk of testosterone deficiency may contribute to all of these relationships, however few individuals prescribed...